فهرست مطالب

• Preface
• Chapter 1. The Python Data Model
• What’s New in This Chapter
• A Pythonic Card Deck
• How Special Methods Are Used
• Overview of Special Methods
• Why len Is Not a Method
• Chapter Summary
• Further Reading
• Chapter 2. An Array of Sequences
• What’s New in This Chapter
• Overview of Built-In Sequences
• List Comprehensions and Generator Expressions
• Tuples Are Not Just Immutable Lists
• Unpacking Sequences and Iterables
• Pattern Matching with Sequences
• Slicing
• Using + and * with Sequences
• list.sort Versus the sorted Built-In
• When a List Is Not the Answer
• Chapter Summary
• Further Reading
• Chapter 3. Dictionaries and Sets
• What’s New in This Chapter
• Modern dict Syntax
• Pattern Matching with Mappings
• Standard API of Mapping Types
• Automatic Handling of Missing Keys
• Variations of dict
• Immutable Mappings
• Dictionary Views
• Practical Consequences of How dict Works
• Set Theory
• Practical Consequences of How Sets Work
• Set Operations on dict Views
• Chapter Summary
• Further Reading
• Chapter 4. Unicode Text Versus Bytes
• What’s New in This Chapter
• Character Issues
• Byte Essentials
• Basic Encoders/Decoders
• Understanding Encode/Decode Problems
• Handling Text Files
• Normalizing Unicode for Reliable Comparisons
• Sorting Unicode Text
• The Unicode Database
• Dual-Mode str and bytes APIs
• Chapter Summary
• Further Reading
• Chapter 5. Data Class Builders
• What’s New in This Chapter
• Overview of Data Class Builders
• Classic Named Tuples
• Typed Named Tuples
• Type Hints 101
• More About @dataclass
• Data Class as a Code Smell
• Pattern Matching Class Instances
• Chapter Summary
• Further Reading
• Chapter 6. Object References, Mutability, and Recycling
• What’s New in This Chapter
• Variables Are Not Boxes
• Identity, Equality, and Aliases
• Copies Are Shallow by Default
• Function Parameters as References
• del and Garbage Collection
• Tricks Python Plays with Immutables
• Chapter Summary
• Further Reading
• Chapter 7. Functions as First-Class Objects
• What’s New in This Chapter
• Treating a Function Like an Object
• Higher-Order Functions
• Anonymous Functions
• The Nine Flavors of Callable Objects
• User-Defined Callable Types
• From Positional to Keyword-Only Parameters
• Packages for Functional Programming
• Chapter Summary
• Further Reading
• Chapter 8. Type Hints in Functions
• What’s New in This Chapter
• About Gradual Typing
• Gradual Typing in Practice
• Types Are Defined by Supported Operations
• Types Usable in Annotations
• Annotating Positional Only and Variadic Parameters
• Imperfect Typing and Strong Testing
• Chapter Summary
• Further Reading
• Chapter 9. Decorators and Closures
• What’s New in This Chapter
• Decorators 101
• When Python Executes Decorators
• Registration Decorators
• Variable Scope Rules
• Closures
• The nonlocal Declaration
• Implementing a Simple Decorator
• Decorators in the Standard Library
• Parameterized Decorators
• Chapter Summary
• Further Reading
• Chapter 10. Design Patterns with First-Class Functions
• What’s New in This Chapter
• Case Study: Refactoring Strategy
• Decorator-Enhanced Strategy Pattern
• The Command Pattern
• Chapter Summary
• Further Reading
• Chapter 11. A Pythonic Object
• What’s New in This Chapter
• Object Representations
• Vector Class Redux
• An Alternative Constructor
• classmethod Versus staticmethod
• Formatted Displays
• A Hashable Vector2d
• Supporting Positional Pattern Matching
• Complete Listing of Vector2d, Version 3
• Private and “Protected” Attributes in Python
• Saving Memory with __slots__
• Overriding Class Attributes
• Chapter Summary
• Further Reading
• Chapter 12. Special Methods for Sequences
• What’s New in This Chapter
• Vector: A User-Defined Sequence Type
• Vector Take #1: Vector2d Compatible
• Protocols and Duck Typing
• Vector Take #2: A Sliceable Sequence
• Vector Take #3: Dynamic Attribute Access
• Vector Take #4: Hashing and a Faster ==
• Vector Take #5: Formatting
• Chapter Summary
• Further Reading
• Chapter 13. Interfaces, Protocols, and ABCs
• The Typing Map
• What’s New in This Chapter
• Two Kinds of Protocols
• Programming Ducks
• Goose Typing
• Static Protocols
• Chapter Summary
• Further Reading
• Chapter 14. Inheritance: For Better or for Worse
• What’s New in This Chapter
• The super() Function
• Subclassing Built-In Types Is Tricky
• Multiple Inheritance and Method Resolution Order
• Mixin Classes
• Multiple Inheritance in the Real World
• Coping with Inheritance
• Chapter Summary
• Further Reading
• Chapter 15. More About Type Hints
• What’s New in This Chapter
• Overloaded Signatures
• TypedDict
• Type Casting
• Reading Type Hints at Runtime
• Implementing a Generic Class
• Variance
• Implementing a Generic Static Protocol
• Chapter Summary
• Further Reading
• Chapter 16. Operator Overloading
• What’s New in This Chapter
• Operator Overloading 101
• Unary Operators
• Overloading + for Vector Addition
• Overloading * for Scalar Multiplication
• Using @ as an Infix Operator
• Wrapping-Up Arithmetic Operators
• Rich Comparison Operators
• Augmented Assignment Operators
• Chapter Summary
• Further Reading
• Chapter 17. Iterators, Generators, and Classic Coroutines
• What’s New in This Chapter
• A Sequence of Words
• Why Sequences Are Iterable: The iter Function
• Iterables Versus Iterators
• Sentence Classes with __iter__
• Lazy Sentences
• When to Use Generator Expressions
• An Arithmetic Progression Generator
• Generator Functions in the Standard Library
• Iterable Reducing Functions
• Subgenerators with yield from
• Generic Iterable Types
• Classic Coroutines
• Chapter Summary
• Further Reading
• Chapter 18. with, match, and else Blocks
• What’s New in This Chapter
• Context Managers and with Blocks
• Pattern Matching in lis.py: A Case Study
• Do This, Then That: else Blocks Beyond if
• Chapter Summary
• Further Reading
• Chapter 19. Concurrency Models in Python
• What’s New in This Chapter
• The Big Picture
• A Bit of Jargon
• A Concurrent Hello World
• The Real Impact of the GIL
• A Homegrown Process Pool
• Python in the Multicore World
• Chapter Summary
• Further Reading
• Chapter 20. Concurrent Executors
• What’s New in This Chapter
• Concurrent Web Downloads
• Launching Processes with concurrent.futures
• Experimenting with Executor.map
• Downloads with Progress Display and Error Handling
• Chapter Summary
• Further Reading
• Chapter 21. Asynchronous Programming
• What’s New in This Chapter
• A Few Definitions
• An asyncio Example: Probing Domains
• New Concept: Awaitable
• Downloading with asyncio and HTTPX
• Asynchronous Context Managers
• Enhancing the asyncio Downloader
• Delegating Tasks to Executors
• Writing asyncio Servers
• Asynchronous Iteration and Asynchronous Iterables
• async Beyond asyncio: Curio
• Type Hinting Asynchronous Objects
• How Async Works and How It Doesn’t
• Chapter Summary
• Further Reading
• Chapter 22. Dynamic Attributes and Properties
• What’s New in This Chapter
• Data Wrangling with Dynamic Attributes
• Computed Properties
• Using a Property for Attribute Validation
• A Proper Look at Properties
• Coding a Property Factory
• Handling Attribute Deletion
• Essential Attributes and Functions for Attribute Handling
• Chapter Summary
• Further Reading
• Chapter 23. Attribute Descriptors
• What’s New in This Chapter
• Descriptor Example: Attribute Validation
• Overriding Versus Nonoverriding Descriptors
• Methods Are Descriptors
• Descriptor Usage Tips
• Descriptor Docstring and Overriding Deletion
• Chapter Summary
• Further Reading
• Chapter 24. Class Metaprogramming
• What’s New in This Chapter
• Classes as Objects
• type: The Built-In Class Factory
• A Class Factory Function
• Introducing __init_subclass__
• Enhancing Classes with a Class Decorator
• What Happens When: Import Time Versus Runtime
• Metaclasses 101
• A Metaclass Solution for Checked
• Metaclasses in the Real World
• A Metaclass Hack with __prepare__
• Wrapping Up
• Chapter Summary
• Further Reading
• Afterword
• Index
• About the Author